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<article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" dtd-version="1.4" article-type="research-article" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Дальневосточный математический журнал</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">1608-845X</issn></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.47910/FEMJ202613</article-id><article-categories><subj-group><subject>Other</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="ru">Нарушение эргодичности фрустрированных спиновых систем</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Violation of ergodicity in frustrated spin systems</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Стронгин</surname><given-names>В. С.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Strongin</surname><given-names>V. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"/><email>strongin.vs@dvfu.ru</email><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8420-9893</contrib-id></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шевченко</surname><given-names>Ю. А.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Shevchenko</surname><given-names>Y. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6"/><email>shevchenco.ya@dvfu.ru</email><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1968-5823</contrib-id></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Нефедев</surname><given-names>К. В.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Nefedev</surname><given-names>K. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"/><email>nefedev.kv@dvfu.ru</email><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7330-5137</contrib-id></contrib><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Department of theoretical physics, Far Eastern Federal University</institution><city xml:lang="en">Russia</city><country xml:lang="en">Russia</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Institute of Applied Mathematics, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences</institution><city xml:lang="en">Russia</city><country xml:lang="en">Russia</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Департамент теоретической физики и интеллектуальных технологий, Институт наукоемких технологий и передовых материалов, Дальневосточный федеральный университет</institution><city xml:lang="ru">Владивосток</city><country xml:lang="ru">Россия</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff4"><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Институт прикладной математики Дальневосточного отделения Российской академии наук</institution><city xml:lang="ru">Владивосток</city><country xml:lang="ru">Россия</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff5"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Sirius University of Science and Technology</institution><city xml:lang="en">Sirius Federal Territory</city><country xml:lang="en">Russia</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff6"><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Научный центр информационных технологий и искусственного интеллекта, Научно-технологический университет «Сириус»</institution><city xml:lang="ru">н.п. Сириус</city><country xml:lang="ru">Россия</country></aff></aff-alternatives></contrib-group><pub-date pub-type="epub" iso-8601-date="2026-06-15"><day>15</day><month>06</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>26</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>123</fpage><lpage>132</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-11-24"><day>24</day><month>11</month><year>2025</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2026-05-25"><day>25</day><month>05</month><year>2026</year></date></history><permissions><license xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:title="CC BY 4.0"><ali:license_ref>https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ali:license_ref><license-p xml:lang="ru">CC BY 4.0</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="http://femj.iam.dvo.ru/periodical.php?art=580" xlink:title="http://femj.iam.dvo.ru/periodical.php?art=580">http://femj.iam.dvo.ru/periodical.php?art=580</self-uri><self-uri content-type="pdf" xlink:href="publication-23f9b89c-2a1f-4ab5-be37-696c4252f277.pdf" xlink:title="PDF"/><abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>В работе исследуется эргодичность дипольных спиновых систем с различной геометрией решёток с использованием метрики Тимуралай - Маунтейн, определяемой по цепочке микросостояний, сгенерированной каноническим алгоритмом Метрополиса. Рассматриваются классическая двумерная модель Изинга на квадратной решётке, вершинно-фрустрированная двумерная кагоме-решётка и послойно уложенная трёхмерная кагоме-решётка с дальнодействующим дипольным взаимодействием. Анализ температурной зависимости ТМ-метрики и скорости эргодизации позволяет явно проследить влияние критического замедления и геометрической фрустрации на восстановление эргодичности. Полученные для двумерных решёток результаты согласуются с известными ранее данными и подтверждают, что в квадратной решётке Изинга эргодичность нарушается только вблизи критической температуры, тогда как в кагоме-решётке фрустрация приводит к сохранению неэргодичного поведения в широком низкотемпературном диапазоне. Показано, что для трёхмерного кагоме спинового льда эргодичность реализуется лишь в парамагнитной фазе, тогда как в упорядоченной и замороженной фазах система остаётся практически неэргодичной. Эти результаты демонстрируют, что анализ ТМ-метрики может служить практическим критерием применимости алгоритма Метрополиса для получения термодинамических средних во фрустрированных спиновых системах.</p></abstract><abstract xml:lang="en" abstract-type="summary"><p>In this work, we investigate the ergodicity of Ising-like dipolar spin systems on different lattice geometries using the Thirumalai - Mountain metric, defined along a sequence of microstates generated by the canonical Metropolis algorithm. We consider the classical two-dimensional Ising model on a square lattice, a vertex-frustrated two-dimensional kagome lattice, and a stacked three-dimensional kagome lattice with long-range dipolar interactions. Analysis of the temperature dependence of the TM metric and the ergodization rate makes it possible to explicitly trace the influence of critical slowing down and geometric frustration on the recovery of ergodicity. The results obtained for the two-dimensional lattices are consistent with previously reported data and confirm that, on the square Ising lattice, ergodicity is violated only in the vicinity of the critical temperature, whereas on the kagome lattice frustration leads to the persistence of non-ergodic behavior over a wide low-temperature range. We show that for the three-dimensional kagome spin ice, ergodicity is realized only in the paramagnetic phase, while in the ordered and frozen phases the system remains practically non-ergodic. These results demonstrate that analysis of the TM metric can serve as a practical criterion for assessing the applicability of the Metropolis algorithm to the calculation of thermodynamic averages in frustrated spin systems.</p></abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>гексагональный спиновый лед</kwd><kwd>агалоритм Метрополиса</kwd><kwd>статистическая термодинамика</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Hexagonal spin ice</kwd><kwd>Metropolis algorithm</kwd><kwd>statistical thermodynamics</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Статья выполнена в рамках проекта № АСП-25-03-1.03-0029 по программе развития ДВФУ в рамках программы стратегического академического лидерства «Приоритет-2030», Представленные в работе результаты были получены на суперкомпьютерном вычислительном кластере Института прикладной математики ДВО РАН.</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="en">This article was prepared within the framework of Project No. ASP-25-03-1.03-0029 under the FEFU Development Program within the framework of the "Priority-2030" strategic academic leadership program. The results presented in this paper were obtained using the supercomputer cluster of the Institute of Applied Mathematics FEB RAS.</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><ref id="ref1"><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xml:lang="ru">Saccone M., Caravelli F., Hofhuis K., Dhuey S., “Real-space observation of ergodicity transitions in artificial spin ice”, nature communications, 14:1, (2023), 5674.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref2"><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xml:lang="ru">Morrison M. J., Nelson T. R., Nisoli C., “Unhappy vertices in artificial spin ice: new degeneracies from vertex frustration”, New Journal of Physics, 15:4 (apr 2013), 045009.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref3"><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xml:lang="ru">Skjarvo S. H., Marrows C. H., Stamps R. L., Heyderman L. 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